What is the Compactor of BCD and magnitude

Compactor of BCD and magnitude

The Compactor of BCD and magnitude have previously shown the T-type flip flops has used as separate counters. If we link multiple toggles flops in a chain, a digital counter has produced which stores or shows the number of times a sequence of counts are present.

Clocked T-type flops are the binary counter-part-by-two and asynchronous counters; for the next stage, the contribution of one counting stage provides the pulse clock. So there are two different performance statuses of a flip flop counter. We can build a split by 2N counter by adding more flip flop levels. But the issue is that it counts between 0000 and 1111 for 4-bit binary counters. It’s in the decimal between 0 and 15.

In order to create a digital counter that ranges from 1 to 10. Only binary numbers 0000 to 1001 need to count. That’s from 0 to 9 decimal places and luckily we can count circuits with an Asynchronous 74LS90 integrated circuit.

Decade Counter.

When applying a clock signal, digital counters count upward from zero to a predetermined count. Until the count has reached, reset the counter to zero and restart it.
At the count of nine, a ten-year clock counts and then returns to zero. The counter must, of course, have at least four flip flops within the chain to count up to a binary value of nine to reflect each decimal digit as seen.

There are then four twist counters, with 16 possible states and 10 of them, and we can count to 100 or 1,000 or whatever the final number we want if we link a set of counters together.

It has called the Limit, which counts that a clock should also count. A counter returning to n has called a modulo-n counter, e.g. a modulo-8 (MOD-8) or a modulo-16 (MOD-16) counter, etc., and the maximum range for an n-bits counter is from 0 to 2n-1.

However, as we saw in the Asynchronous Counter tutorial, a counter that resets after 10 counts from binary 0000 (decimo “0”) to 1001 (decimal “9”) with a divided-by-10 count sequence can be called a “binary-coded-decimal counter” or a MOD-10 counter, using at least 4 toggles, can be created.

BCD counter

It is called a BCD counter since, unlike a straight binary counter, its ten state sequences are BCD and do not have a normal pattern. Then a single BCD counter, like the 74LS90, counts from the decimal zero to the decimal nine and can register up to nine pulses. Note that based on an input control signal, a digital counter will count or count up or down.

Binary-coded-decimal coding is an 8421 code of four binary numbers. The designation 8421 refers to the four digits or bits of binary weight used. 23 = 8, 22 = 4, 21 = 2 and 20 = 1. For example. The key benefit of BCD coding is that it makes it easier to convert decimal and binary numbers.

what are P-type and N-type semiconductor materials? Explain in detail.

semiconductor materials

Semiconductor materials have made up of two adjacent pieces of p-type and n-type semiconducting materials. P-type and n-type materials are simply semiconductors, such as silicon (Si) or germanium (GE), with atomic impurities; the type of impurity present determines the type of the semiconductor. The process of purposefully adding impurities to materials have called doping; semiconductors with impurities have referred to as “doped semiconductors“.

P-TYPE P Semiconductor Materials

In a pure (intrinsic) Si or GE semiconductor, each nucleus uses its four valence electrons to form four covalent bonds with its neighbors (see figure below). Each ionic core, consisting of the nucleus and non-valence electrons, has a net charge of +4 and have surrounded by 4 valence electrons. Since there are no excess electrons or holes In this case, the number of electrons and holes present at any given time will always be equal.

Now, if one of the atoms in the semiconductor lattice has replaced by an element with three valence electrons, such as a Group 3 element like Boron (B) or Gallium (Ga), the electron-hole balance will be changed. This impurity will only be able to contribute three valence electrons to the lattice, therefore leaving one excess hole (see figure below). Since holes will “accept” free electrons, a Group 3 impurity has also called an acceptor.

Because an acceptor donates excess holes, which have considered to be positively charged, a semiconductor that has been doped with an acceptor is called a p-type semiconductor; “p” stands for positive. Notice that the material as a whole remains electrically neutral. In a p-type semiconductor, the current has largely carried by the holes, which outnumber the free electrons. In this case, the holes are the majority carriers, while the electrons are the minority carriers.

Silicon Doped with Boron

In this way, the semiconductors that are rich in holes as there carriers formed by the trivalent impurities comes under the list of p-type semiconductors.

Whether silicon or germanium if they have added with a trivalent impurity that belongs to p-type of the semiconductor.

P-type and N-type semiconductor materials

When the external supply of voltage has given to the p-type semiconductor their majority of carriers present in the valence band tend to move towards the negative terminal of the supply and the minority carriers that are electrons present in the conduction band move towards the positive terminal.

N-TYPE Semiconductor Materials

In addition to replacing one of the lattice atoms with a Group 3 atom. We can also replace it with an atom with five valence electrons. Such as the Group 5 atoms arsenic (As) or phosphorus (P). In this case, the impurity adds five valence electrons to the lattice where it can only hold four. This means that there is now one excess electron in the lattice (see figure below). Because it donates an electron, a Group 5 impurity has called a donor. Note that the material remains electrically neutral.

Donor impurities donate negatively charged electrons to the lattice. So a semiconductor that has been doped with a donor is called an n-type semiconductor; “n” stands for negative. Free electrons outnumber holes in n-type material, so the electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority carriers.

How we can interact with the computer?

interact with the computer

Interaction between human-computers (HCI) explores device designs and uses, focusing on the interfaces between humans (users) and computers. In the HCI area, researchers observe how people communicate with computers and develop innovations that enable people to in new ways Interact with the computer.

The relationship between Interact with the computer, behavioral psychology, architecture, media, and several other fields of the study lies as a research area. Which has a term used in their seminals 1983. The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, by the authors Stuart K. Card, Allen Newell, and Thomas P. Moran. The first term was used in 1980. The first known term was first used in 1975. The word indicates that a device has multiple applications. Which opposed to most instruments of very minimal usage. The idea of dialogue is similar.

Technical advantages interact with the computer

Which have to be a more satisfied, fulfilled, and more educated person. Have studied programming languages helps you to be successful at your work. Make more money, and learn to:

• Choice the language best suited for a given challenge. You can express computer activities in certain respects in a programming language. Others do excellent work by exhibiting certain kinds of activities and doing awful work with others.

• Faster understanding of new languages In terms of language definitions is possible. Like, think of independent concepts.

• You can: select the best way to do a particular job, or use certain of its not-obvious powerful features if you know how and why a language is developed.
o emulate useful (and powerful) functionality from other languages, if your language lacks it, or if your language does not write elegant code, or you understand darkness, strange errors, or understand and diagnose unexpected behavior.

Design your own language

There are many examples of why new languages should be created to solve problems. If you cannot build a full language, part of a broader application, you can have to write your own little language, like:
A database query language control.

A search engine query language or A calculator
An action video console GUI

Find useful programming methods and which you never think about before. Experience the interpretation of matching patterns, type inference, closures, prototypes, introspection, instrumentation, just-in-time compilation, annotations, decorators, memory, traits, streamer, monad, performers, mailboxes, understandings, continuations.

Social Benefits

Understand and take part in fascinating scholarly and technical debates at meetings and on the internet.
Socialize with linguistic scholars, programming languages, and communications interested individuals.
Comprise inside jokes, like that, that, and that.
Gain a little popularity for the programming language that you design yourself, and maybe make a global difference.

Hardware vs. Software

The software has a common concept used to describe a selection, process. Documentation of computer programs performing a computer system operation computer systems is divided into three main groups by practical computing systems: machine software, programming, and software applications. The software is a series of instructions organized to change the machine hardware state in a certain sequence. The software has a user-friendly interface that helps people to communicate with their computer devices more efficiently.