What is the time and space complexity Algorithm?

Algorithm complexity and time space trade off

An algorithm is a clear list of stages for the issue solution. Each step of an algorithm has a clear significance and executed with little effort and time. Each algorithm must meet the conditions below,
Inputs: Zero or more amounts that are provided to the algorithm externally.
Output: At least one output amount should produced.
Definition: Clear and unequivocal, each step.
Finiteness: all steps have terminated after a certain period for all situations of an algorithm.
Efficacy: The algorithm is going to be powerful.

In terms of time and space, the effectiveness of an algorithm has measured. The difficulty of an algorithm has described in terms of the input size, which allows time and space for running.

Complexity

Assume that M is an algorithm, and that n is the input data size. In terms of the time and space consumed in the algorithm, the effectiveness of M has measured. Time has measured by measuring the number of operations. The maximum memory utilized by M has calculated.
The complexity of M is the f(n) function that offers n runtime or room. In the theory of complexity, complexity has shown in the following three main situations,

Worst case: f(n) for all conceivable inputs has the greatest value.
Average case: the anticipated value is f(n).
Best case: f(n) has the lowest value feasible.

The example of the linear search algorithm illustrates these principles.
Suppose that a LIST linear array with n items is present and we must determine where specific information ITEM should be located. The search method compares ITEM to each element of the table to discover an INDEX position where LIST[INDEX]=ITEM is located. In addition, if the ITEM has not listed, it has to deliver a message like INDEX=-1.

A number of comparisons between ITEM and LIST[K] reveal the complexity of the search method.
Clearly, if ITEM is not in the LIST or the last LIST element, the worst scenario happens. We have n comparisons in both situations. This is the worst case of the linear algorithm of the search is C(n)=n.
The likelihood of ITEM occurring in any location is the same as that of ITEM. There are hence 1,2,3…n and each number has a p=1/n probability. Then

$C(n) = 1.\frac{1}{n}+2.\frac{1}{n}+…+n.\frac{1}{n}$

$C(n) = (1+2+…+n).\frac{1}{n}$

$C(n) = \frac{n(n+1)}{2}.\frac{1}{n}=\frac{n+1}{2}$

That is the average number of comparisons necessary to locate ITEM is around half the number of components.

Complexity Analysis

Algorithms are an important element of data structures. Using algorithms, data structures have implemented. A C-function, program, or any other language is a method you may write with the algorithm. An algorithm expressly describes how the data have handled.

Space-time tradeoff

Sometimes a space-time deal has involved in choosing a data structure. This allows us to minimize the time required for data processing by increasing the amount of space for storing the data.

Algorithm Efficiency

Some algorithms work better than others. In order to have measures to compare an algorithm’s efficiency, it would be great to choose an efficient algorithm.
The algorithm’s complexity has a function defining the algorithm’s efficiency in terms of the data to be processed. Normally the domain and range of this function have natural units. The effectiveness of an algorithm consists of two basic complexity measures:

Time complexity Algorithm

The Time complexity is a function that describes the time an algorithm takes with regard to the amount of the algorithm’s input. “Time” might represent the number of storage accesses, the number of integers to be compared, the number of times an inner loop or another natural unit takes the method in real-time.

We attempt to maintain this concept of time separate from ‘wall clock’ time because numerous unrelated things might influence actual time (like the language used, type of computing hardware, proficiency of the programmer, optimization in the compiler, etc.). If we have chosen units properly, it turns out that all the other things don’t matter and we can assess the efficiency of the algorithm independently.

Spatial complexity Algorithm

Spatial complexity is the function that describes how much (space) the algorithm uses to store the algorithm. We commonly talk about “additional” storage required, without including the storage required for the input. Again, in order to quantify this, we utilize natural (but fixed-length) units.

It is easier to utilize bytes, such as numbers of integers, number of fixed structures, etc. Finally, the function we develop is independent of the actual amount of bytes required to display the unit. Sometimes the spatial complexity is disregarded since the space utilized is small and/or clear, yet it is sometimes just as essential as time.

We might state “this method takes n2 time,” for example, where n is the number of items in the input. Or we might say “this method requires constant extra space” because there is no difference in the amount of additional storage needed in the processed objects.
The asymptotic complexity of the method is of importance for both space and time: When n (the number of input items) goes to endlessness, what happens to the fractal performance?

What is Data Element and why are they important?

Data Element Means

A data element is a data dictionary object in SAP. Data elements may generated and updated using transaction SE11. All data elements live in SE11. Data elements are significant items in the database that specify the semantic properties of table fields, such as online aid in certain areas. In other words, the data element determines how the table field appears for end-users and how it provides users with information when using the F1 assistance button in a table field.

Explains Data Element

Two kinds of data items are available:
Primary elements of data:
Defined by the data type and length built-in values
Reference Elements of Data:
Use reference variables that have mostly utilized in other ABAP objects.

By referencing the TYPE keyword, ABAP applications can utilize data components. Thus, in an ABAP program, the variables might take the features or qualities of the data components referred to.
Before generating new data elements, it has usually recommended utilizing the build of SAP data elements.

Features

Either a component type or a reference type has described in a data element.
The integrated data type, length, and a number of decimal places define a basic type. These characteristics can be either explicitly specified in the component of the material or a domain copy.
A kind of reference determines the types of ABAP variables.

A kind of reference determines the types of ABAP variables.
Input on the significance of a table field or structural component. Information on modifying the relevant screen field may assigned to a component of the material. All screen fields referring to the Component of material are provided with that information automatically. This information comprises showing the field in the input templates with the text keyword, column headings for listing the content of the table (see Labels), and output editing with parameter IDs.

For online field documentation, this is also true. The input template field text shown in the helping field (F1 help) originates from the Component of the material. Input template field See Documentation and Documentation Status for further information.

Example

The column CONN-ID of the SBOOK table corresponds to the data element S CONN-ID. The database component receives its technical properties from the S CONN-ID domain (NUMC data type, length 4). S CONN-ID Data Element provides the technical characteristics and meanings (long text assigned and brief explication text) of the CONN-ID field (and all other fields that refer to this data element).
In the ABAP program with the statement:

a variable with the data element type S CONN ID may defined:

DATA CONN-ID TYPE S_CONN_ID

See the image below for a clearer grasp of this scenario.

What is a Stack in data structure?

Stack

A stack has an abstract information type with a succession of articles arranged linearly. A stack is a last-in, first-out structure (LIFO) in contrast to a queue. A genuine example has a pile of plates, where only a platform can taken from the top of the pile and only the plate may put on the top of the layer. You must remove all the plates above the layer if you wish to access a plate that’s not on top of the layer. Similarly, you only have access to the element above the layer in a stack data structure. The final piece added will has the first to deleted. You need to retain a reference to the top of the layer to implement a layer.

The major functions of the stack:

push(data)	Adds a top of the stack element
pop()	Deletes an item from the top of the stack
peek()	returns an element copy on top of a pile without it being removed
is_empty()	Makes sure a stack is empty
is_full()	Check if a stack is stored in a static (fixed-size) structure at maximum capacity

Main Stack Operation

The basic operations of a stack are to push articles and pop articles from the layer. These operations have explained in the diagrams below.
These diagrams are a nice abstracting example. They summarise how you may examine the fundamental activities in the details of how the layer has implemented.

Implementing

A stack can implemented statically or dynamically. You will find that you already have built-in programming structures in the programming language you use to construct or customize the pile. Code libraries may provide for the execution of stacks. For your NEA project, it might be a fantastic learning opportunity to discover the reason to create a layer as part of your system.

Static array implementation

With a static array, the bottom of the stack is the first member of the array at position 0.0. The layer has a finite capacity which will result in a layer overflow if you add things to the layer continually. Therefore, it must provide an is full() procedure for static implementations to verify if a layer is at its highest capability. Similarly, stacking underflow can occur if an empty layer is trying to delete items.
The top of the layer changes each time an element is included or removed, such that the top index position of the layer is saved in a variable. The layer is empty at first.

Applications of Stack

Stacks have numerous purposes, such as for checks for balancing parenthesis and converting postfix to infix notation and vice versa. stacks have many uses. They may be used to keep a list of “undo” actions in a piece of software where the latest operation is the first operation to be reversed. Layers are also used to make recursive subroutines easier when the status of every call is placed on a layered frame.

What is a Multidimensional Array example?

Multidimensional Array

A multidimensional array is an array with many dimensions. This is a multi-level array; a multilevel array. The 2D array or 2D array is the simplest multi-dimensional array. As you will see in this code, this is technically an array of arrays. A 2D array or table of rows and columns has sometimes called a matrix.
The multi-dimensional array declaration is identical to a one-dimensional array. We have to say that we have 2 dimensions for a 2D array.

A twin-dimensional array or table can be stored and retrieved with double indexation like a one-dimensional array (column rows) (array[row][column] in typical notation). The number of indicators required to specify an element is termed the array dimension or dimension. int two_d[3][3];

C++ Multidimensional Arrays

The multi-dimensional array has sometimes referred to as a C++ rectangular array. Two- or three-dimensional may be available. The data has kept in a tabular form (row/column), often referred to as a matrix.

C++ Multidimensional Array Example

Let’s examine a basic C++ multi-dimensional pad, where two-dimensional pads are declared, initialized, and crossed.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int test[3][3]; //declaration of 2D array
test[0][0]=5; //initialization
test[0][1]=10;
test[1][1]=15;
test[1][2]=20;
test[2][0]=30;
test[2][2]=10;
//traversal
for(int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
{
for(int j = 0; j < 3; ++j)
{
cout<< test[i][j]<<” “;
}
cout<<“\n”; //new line at each row
}
return 0;
}

Multidimensional Array Initialization

Like a regular array, a multidimensional array can be initialized in more than one method. Initialization of two-dimensional array:

int test[2][3] = {2, 4, 5, 9, 0, 19};

A multidimensional array can be initialized in more than one method.

int  test[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};

This array is divided into two rows and three columns, and we have two rows of elements with every of three elements.

Initialization of three-dimensional array

int test[2][3][4] = {3, 4, 2, 3, 0, -3, 9, 11, 23, 12, 23, 
                 2, 13, 4, 56, 3, 5, 9, 3, 5, 5, 1, 4, 9};

The value of the first size is 2. Thus, the first dimension comprises two elements:

Element 1 = { {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} }
Element 2 = { {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {5, 1, 4, 9} }

In each of the components of the second dimension, there are four int numbers:

{3, 4, 2, 3}
{0, -3, 9, 11}
... .. ...
... .. ...

Example 1: Two Dimensional Array

// C++ Program to display all elements
// of an initialised two dimensional array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int test[3][2] = {{2, -5},
                      {4, 0},
                      {9, 1}};

    // use of nested for loop
    // access rows of the array
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {

        // access columns of the array
        for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j) {
            cout << "test[" << i << "][" << j << "] = " << test[i][j] << endl;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

What is Array in data structure with example?

Array

Arrays are defined as the collection of comparable data objects that are stored in adjacent memory regions.
Arrays are the derived data type that can hold primitive data like int, char, dual, float, etc in the C programming language.
The array is the simplest data structure in which the index number of every data element may be reached arbitrarily.
For example, in six subjects we should not define the distinct variable for the marks in various topics if we want to save the student’s characteristics. Instead, we may create a matrix that can hold marks at contiguous memory sites in each topic.

In 10 distinct topics, each subject mark in a particular subscript of an array[10] determines the marks of the student, i.e. marks[0] indicate the first subject marks, markings[1] indicate marks in the second subject, and so on.

Properties

Each element has the same data type, i.e. int = 4 bytes.
Array items are stored where the initial element is kept at the smallest memory position at the contiguous memory.
Array elements may be accessed by random use since the address of each element of the matrix can be calculated using the provided base address and the data element size.
The syntax of defining an array is like the following in C language, for instance: int arr[10]; char arr[10]; float arr[5]

Need of using Array

Most situations involve the storage of huge numbers of like-minded data, in computer programming. We need to define a big number of variables to store such a quantity of data. The names of all variables during program writing would be exceedingly difficult to remember. It is best to construct a matrix and save all elements in it, rather than name all the variables with a distinct name.
This example shows how arrays may be beneficial for a specific difficulty in creating code. We have a mark of a student in six distinct disciplines in the following example. The task is to determine the student’s average grades. We built two applications to show the necessity of a matrix, one without a matrix and the other with the usage of arrays to store marks.

Program without array:

#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int marks_1 = 56, marks_2 = 78, marks_3 = 88, marks_4 = 76, marks_5 = 56, marks_6 = 89;
float avg = (marks_1 + marks_2 + marks_3 + marks_4 + marks_5 +marks_6) / 6 ;
printf(avg);
}

Program by using array:

#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int marks[6] = {56,78,88,76,56,89);
int i;
float avg;
for (i=0; i<6; i++ )
{
avg = avg + marks[i];
}
printf(avg);
}

Complexity of Array operations

In the following table, time and space complexity are provided for the various array operations.

Time Complexity

Algorithm	Average Case	Worst Case
Access	O(1)	O(1)
Search	O(n)	O(n)
Insertion	O(n)	O(n)
Deletion	O(n)	O(n)

Space Complexity

In array, space complexity for the Created by the case is O(n).

Memory Allocation of the array

As noted before, all data components of an array are saved in the main memory at adjacent places. The name of the matrix shows the first element’s database address or address. Adequate indexing is provided for each element of the matrix.
The table may be indexed three-way. The table can be defined.

0 (zero – based indexing) : The first element of the array will be arr[0].
1 (one – based indexing) : The first element of the array will be arr[1].
n (n – based indexing) : Any random index number can be the first entry in the matrix.

The memory assignment of a matrix set of sizes 5 has been presented in the accompanying graphic. The table follows 0-based indexing. The array’s base address is the 100th byte. This is Arr[0address. ]’s Here, the int size is 4 bytes, so each item is stored in 4 bytes.

Indexing n 0 based, The maximum index number if the size of a matrix is n, an element may have n-1. It would be n, however, if we use indexing based on 1.

Accessing Elements of an array

We need the following information in order to retrieve any random element in an array:
Base Array address. Array address.
Byte size of an element.
The array follows what type of indexing.
A 1D array can be computed by the following formulation for addressing any element: Byte address of element A[i] = base address + size * ( i – first index)

Example :

In an array, A[-10 ….. +2 ], Base address (BA) = 999, size of an element = 2 bytes,
find the location of A[-1].
L(A[-1]) = 999 + [(-1) – (-10)] x 2
= 999 + 18
= 1017

Passing array to the function :

As we said before, the array name indicates the first element in the array’s start address or address. The base address can be used to cross all items of the matrix.
The examples below show how a function may be provided to the matrix.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int summation(int[]);
void main ()
{
int arr[5] = {0,1,2,3,4};
int sum = summation(arr);
printf(“%d”,sum);
}
int summation (int arr[])
{
int sum=0,i;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
{
sum = sum + arr[i];
}
return sum;
}

As we said before, the matrix name indicates the first element in the array’s start address or address. The base address can be used to cross all items of the matrix.
The examples below show how a function may be provided to the matrix.

How many data structure operations are there?

Data Structure

The data structure represents the logical link between individual Items for collection.
The data structure is a technique of arranging all collection components that not only take into account the stored elements but also their interaction.
We may also describe the data structure as a mathematical or logical model for a certain data array.
A storage device is termed the representation of the particular arrangement of facts in the principal memory of a computer.

The representation of the storage structure is termed file structure in the auxiliary memory.
It is described as the method in which data are stored and manipulated in a structured form to be efficiently utilized.
The data structure defines basically the following four elements

Organization of Data
- Accessing methods
- Degree of associativity
- Processing alternatives for information
Algorithm + Data Structure = Program
Data structure study covers the following points
- Amount of memory require to store.
- Amount of time require to process.
- Representation of data in memory.
- Operations performed on that data.

Data structure operations

There are the following 8 operations on data structure as given below.

Creation: The creation of an integrated array of 5 values according to the criteria example. int ar[5]; //ar is the name of array

Insertion: Insert data structure values. The input of items into the arrangement of facts is possible in three ways: first, at the end, and at the appropriate location.

Traversal: At least once you visit each element of the arrangement of facts.

Search: Search for an element in the number of items specified. There are two approaches to search for the elements:
a. Linear Search: Easy approach to search an item.
b. Search Binary: works on the law of division and conquest.

Sorting: In a specific order rearranging the elements, ascending or descending. Multiple sorting algorithms exist:
a. Bubble Sort
b. Selection Sort
c. Quick Sort
d. Merge Sort
e. Heap Sort

Merging: Combining in a single file the data elements of two sort files.

Updating: Update the current value with a new value in the program.

Deletion: Deletion from the arrangement of facts of the undesirable value. There are three techniques to remove a program value. These are: from the start, from the finish, and from the particular place.

Linear data structures

A data structure is known as Linear if its elements are logically or sequence-based linked linearly.
There are two ways to display linear memory storage,
Attribution of static memory
Memory assignment dynamic
The available operations for the linear data structure are: cross, insert, delete, search, sort, and merge.
The Stack and Queueue are examples of the Linear Arrangement of facts.
Stack: A stack is a arrangement of facts in which only one end is inserted and deleted.
The insertion procedure is called “PUSH” while the removal operation is called “POP.”
In First Out, the stack is also called Last.

Queue: The Data Structure that allows one end to insert and another end to delete, known as Tail.
The end of the deletion is called the FRONT end and a further end is known as the REAR end for insertion.
As first in first out Arrangement of facts (FIFO), the queue is also termed.

Nonlinear data structures

Nonlinear data structures are the data structures that do not arrange data elements in one sequence.
Tree and graph are examples of the non-linear arrangement of facts.

Tree: A tree may be described as a finite set of data elements (nodes) where data items are organized according to requirements in branches and sub-branches.
Trees indicate the link between different parts of the hierarchy.
Tree consists of nodes linked to the circle, the node represented by the circle, and the edge.

Graph: The graph is a node collection (Information) and a linkage between the nodes (Logical relationship).
You may visualize a tree as a limited graph.
There are numerous sorts of graphs:

Un-directed Graph
- - Directed Graph
  - Mixed Graph
  - Multi Graph
  - Simple Graph
  - Null Graph
  - Weighted Graph

Difference between Linear and Non Linear Data Structure

Linear Data Structure	Non-Linear Data Structure
Each object has to do with its past and its upcoming time.	Each thing has several additional objects attached.
Data in a linear series is organized.	There is no sequence of data.
In a single run, data items can be crossed.	In a single run, the data cannot be crossed.
Eg. Array, Stacks, linked list, queue.	Eg. tree, graph.
It’s easy to implement.	It’s difficult to implement.

What does Canonical Mean in it?

Canonical Mean

The standard state or conduct of an attribute in computer science. Canonical is has used to describe notions that are natural and/or unique. This phrase has taken from mathematics. Canonicity or canonicality has also known.

The canonical phrase shows the standard state or way. For example, the XML signature describes canonization as a procedure to canonise XML information. The Linux model has a design paradigm used for communication across multiple data formats. In the business application integration when another format – the Linux format – has established.

What is canonical url in seo

The source of a webpage shows a canonical URL, looking for rel= ” Linux .” Only the search engines see it’s an element that will not influence your users. An example of a Linux version of the original article published. First at another website in the source code of one of our postings.

The canonical tag is an HTML tag that notifies search engines the original, definitive page version is the included URL. The Linux tag covers duplicate and preferred contents. It is a very unusual term, yet etymologically.

url example

A good example of rel=canonical use — The rel=canonic item is an HTML element. That aids webmasters, generally known as the ” Linux link”. Other page duplication examples requiring canonical tag · URL · Many URLs for the same webpage content · URL filters. For example, Google selects to show one of them. When it detects similar content examples. Your selection of the search resource.

What is linux form

Inputs and outputs have shown in a true table. There are 2 n numbers of outputs or combinations and zeros. When there are n numbers of variables. The canonical output variable has shown through two approaches. It is Linux SoP and Linux PoS. The Linux form of PoS refers to the form of Linux Sum products. Each term of the sum comprises every word in this manner. These amounts are only the Max terms.

What is canonical tag

A canonical tag is a technique to inform search engines that a certain URL is the master copy of a page. The Linux tag eliminates issues from appearing on numerous URLs caused by identical contents or “duplicates.” In practice, the Linux tag instructs search engines which URL version to show in the search results.

What Is Digital Marketing?

Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is the use of the Internet, mobile devices, social media, search engines, and other platforms to reach customers. Some marketing professionals believe artificial monetization to be a totally new effort. That involves a new means of reaching clients and new ways of analyzing how customers behave compared to traditional marketing.

Understanding Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is interactive and targets a certain client base group. Digital marketing is rising with search results advertisements, e-mail ads, and promoted tweets, which includes customer feedback marketing or bidirectional customer-to-consumer contact.
Marketing on the Internet is not digital. Internet advertising is only available on the Internet, but digital marketing can take place via mobile, metro, video, or smartphone applications.

Marketers have generally known in the field of Artificial monetization as sources, whilst advertisers have commonly referred to as recipients. Sources often target very particularly, well-defined recipients. For example, McDonald’s had to spread his message after the late-night hours of several of his sites. They targeted transfers of employees and passengers with digital advertisements, as the company knew they were a major section of their business at late night. McDonald’s urged people to download a new Restaurant Finder app aimed at advertisements from ATM and gas stations and websites frequented at night by customers.

Website Marketing

A website is the focus of all digital marketing. Alone, the channel is extremely strong, but it is also the necessary medium for the conduct of a number of internet marketing initiatives. A website should clearly and unforgettable portray a business, product, and service. It should be quick, mobile, and user-friendly.

Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising

PPC advertising allows marketing companies to access Internet consumers via sponsored adverts on a range of digital channels. Sellers may run on Google, Bing, Linked In, Twitter, Pinterest or Facebook PPC campaigns and present their announcements to individuals looking for products or services phrases. PPC campaigns can segment or even focus on their particular hobbies or location by segmenting visitors on a sociological basis (for example, age or gender). Google Ads and Facebook Ads are the most prominent PPC platforms.

Content Marketing

The objective of content marketing is to contact potential consumers by using content. In general, content has uploaded on a website and then pushed using social media, email marketing, SEOs, and even PPC campaigns. Includes blogs, ebooks, online courses, infographics, podcasts, and webinars.

Email Marketing in Digital Marketing

Email is still one of the best digital marketing platforms in the world. Many individuals confuse email marketing with spam emails, but this doesn’t matter. Email marketing is the method to contact your potential consumers or your brand interests. Many digital marketers utilize all other digital marketing channels to acquire leads to their email lists then construct customer acquisition funnels using email marketing to translate them into customers.

Social Media Marketing

The main objective of a campaign in the field of social media marketing is brand recognition and social confidence. You may utilize it more deeply to obtain the lead, or even as a direct route of sales.

Affiliate Marketing

Affiliate marketing has one of the oldest types of marketing, and this old standby had given new life by the Internet. Influents promote other items through affiliate marketing and receive commissions each time a sale or a lead has carried out. Many well-known firms like Amazon have affiliate programs that sell their items to websites with millions of dollars a month.

Video Marketing in Digital Marketing

It has transformed into the second most popular search engine and before they make a purchase choice, many people resort to YouTube to learn something, read a review or just relax. There are numerous video marketing platforms for running a video marketing campaign, including Facebook Videos, Instagram, or even TikTok. Video companies have the most successfully integrated with SEO, content marketing, and larger campaigns in the social media sector.

SMS Messaging

Companies and non-commercial groups also offer their current deals or chances to eager customers by sending text or SMS messages. Political candidates vying for office also distribute positive information on their own platforms via SMS messaging campaigns. As technology has progressed, many text-to-give initiatives also enable users to pay for or to deliver a simple text message directly.

The Digital Marketing Challenges

The Digital marketing presents its suppliers with particular problems. Digital channels are developing quickly and digital marketers need to remain abreast of how these channels function, Digital marketing needs a marketing approach based on a deeper understanding of customer behavior, the difficulty to capture and use data effectively underlines. For example, a firm may need to evaluate new types of consumer behavior, for example utilizing website heatmaps to find out more about the trip. How recipients use them, and how to promote their products or services successfully using them. It has also harder to catch the attention of receipts because recipients have flooded more and more by rival advertising. Furthermore, digital marketers find it difficult to assess the huge amounts of data that they gather and then use it in new marketing initiatives.

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The impact of Al-Ghazali and Ibn-e-Khaldun is still visible.

Al-Ghazali Philosophy of Education

Education was not a separate science at the time of Al-Ghazali. Thus though he wrote extensively on the subject. There is no systematic record of his educational philosophy in any single book or work (Gunher, 2006). Al-noteworthy Ghazali’s work in the subject of Educational Philosophy is just one of the forty books. That comprises Al-Ahya ul Uloom Uddin (Revival of the Religious Sciences). Ayyuhal Walad [O’ Students – Letter to a Disciple], Meezan al-Amal [The Criteria of Action], and Al-Munqidh Min al-Dhalal [Deliverance from Error] are examples of similar works.

According to Ibn-e-Khaldun

According to Ibn Khaldun, it is the spiritual connection and oneness. He is famously referred to as asabiyya that permits communities and cultures to progress from modest. Beginnings to thriving and conquering governments and empires. However, as they undergo this metamorphosis and become acclimated to the niceties of wealth and urban life, indulging in study, culture, and the arts, as well as sheer hedonism, they progressively lose their asabiyya and have subjugated by fresh militant arrivals from the steppes and the desert. They, in turn, go through the same “civilizing” process, only to succumb to new invading hordes. This cyclical phenomenon is so widespread that Ibn Khaldun dubbed it “madaniyya” — a derivation of the Arabic word for city and the act of becoming urban.

Ibn-e-Khaldun beliefs

Ibn Khaldun’s beliefs, whether knowingly or unintentionally, were not alien to Zionist thinking. From A.D. Gordon to HaRav Kook’s spiritual essays, from HaShomer to the Palmah. There was a growing realization that Jews were in the Diaspora. Though lauded for their tenacity in retaining the religion, were losing their national compass. The pioneers who cultivated the land in frontier areas, the Jews who “conquered the mountains”. Where the nation’s forebears once walked, reflected the esprit de corps and group togetherness inherent in Ibn Khaldun’s asabiyya.

Israel is now one of the world’s most urbanized societies. Less than half of the population has employed in agriculture. The water towers that defined the kibbutzim and moshavim have replaced with shopping malls. The initial pioneering spirit and willingness to sacrifice for the sake. The national group have largely replaced by a rising feeling of individuality. If this hasn’t already happened, there’s a chance that asabiyya will give way to madaniyya. Israel cannot afford to dismiss Ibn Khaldun. It needs asabiyya to deal with its many enemies. Some of whom are Israeli Arab residents. act collectively, not as individuals.

What is Education of Al-Ghazali?

We may get a definition of education from Al-writings Ghazali’s by reading through his many works. According to Alavi, it is an interaction between a teacher and a student that occurs gradually, developmentally, and continuously throughout. The student’s life, with the goal of cultivating harmoniously and conclusively. All that God has created in the student for his or her happiness and spiritual benefit (Alavi, 2007, p. 312). Al-Ghazali regards education as a talent or practice rather than a science in and of itself.

Perception of God, world, and life.

The primary cornerstone of Al-educational Ghazali’s philosophy is the notion of God and His interaction with humans. Al-Ghazali distinguishes between this earthly life and the life after death. He regards this earthly life as transitory and the life to come is eternal. God is not only the creator of the cosmos, with its traits and rules. But He is also the cause of all events in the world, large or tiny, past, present, or future.

Concept and classifications of knowledge.

Al-Ghazali (1962) defines formalized Al-Ghazali views awareness and knowledge to be the most significant traits of a man. He emphasizes that knowledge is obtained from two sources. The senses and logic, but he regards both of these sources as weak, resulting in a man knowing just. The materialistic features of the world in which he lives. Divine revelation, on the other hand, allows him to understand more about life beyond death. Which he regards as eternal life. True knowledge, according to Al-Ghazali, is knowledge of God. His writings, His prophets, and His creation encompassing the kingdoms of earth and heaven. It also incorporates Shariah knowledge as given by His Prophit

Compare the perspective of Greek and Western philosophers

Western Philosophers

Western Philosophers: The philosophical ideas and efforts of the Western world have referred to as Western philosophy. Historically, the phrase relates to Western philosophical thought, originating with the pre-Socratics’ ancient Greek philosophy.

The scope of ancient Western philosophy encompassed philosophical concerns as we know them now, but it also embraced many other fields, such as pure mathematics and scientific sciences such as physics, astronomy, and biology.

Greek:

In this age of innovation and reorganization, when we speak of education. We immediately gravitate toward the humanities as the pinnacle of higher education. You may have wondered more than once how the notion of the goal and technique of education, which we refer to as “ever came into being, and who were the people who originally envisioned this system. Liberal education is like a strong tree whose fruits we see but not its roots.”

Pre-Socratics:

The pre-Socratic thinkers had an interest in cosmology, or the nature and origin of the world while rejecting legendary solutions. They had particularly interested in the world’s arched (the cause or initial principle). Thales of Miletus (born around 625 BCE in Ionia) was the first acknowledged philosopher. Who identified water as the arched (claiming “all is water”).

The fact that he used observation and reason to reach this conclusion is what distinguishes him as the first philosopher. Anaximander, Thales’ disciple, stated that the arched was the ape iron, the limitless. Anaximander of Miletus, like Thales and Anaximander, argued that air was the best candidate.

Unlike other philosophers who thought the Universe had converted into several things. Parmenides claimed that the world must be unique, unchangeable, and everlasting and that anything suggesting otherwise was an illusion.

Zeno of Elea developed his renowned paradoxes to demonstrate. The impossibility of Parmenides’ beliefs on the illusion of multiplicity and change (in terms of motion). Heraclitus offered an alternate theory, claiming that everything was always in flux, notably stating that one could not tread into the same river twice. Empedocles may have known both Parmenides and the Pythagoreans.

He argued that the arched had made up of several origins, giving rise to the idea of the four classical components. These, in turn, had acted upon by the forces of Love and Strife, resulting in the elemental mixes that comprise the world. Anaxagoras, his elder contemporary, gave another notion of the arched acted upon by an external force, claiming that nous, the mind, was to blame. Atomism had offered by Leucippus and Democritus as an explanation for the underlying nature of the cosmos. Atomism had described by Jonathan Barnes as “the pinnacle of early Greek thinking.”

Classical period of philosophers

The Classical period of Greek philosophy has defined by Socrates and the two generations of pupils that followed him.

Socrates had a life-altering encounter when his buddy Chaerephon went to the Oracle of Delphi and the Pythia told him that no one in Athens was smarter than Socrates. After learning of this, Socrates spent the rest of his life examining anybody in Athens who would listen to him in order to explore Pithia’s assertion. Formal paraphrase Socrates devised a critical method for examining people’s points of view, today known as the Socratic Method. He had interested in human life concerns such as eudemonia, justice, beauty, truth, and morality. Although Socrates did not write anything, two of his pupils, Plato and Xenophon, wrote about some of his talks, with Plato also using Socrates as a fictitious figure in several of his dialogues. These Socratic dialogues demonstrate how the Socratic Method has used to investigate philosophical issues.

Plato Philosophers

Plato established the Platonic Academy and Platonic philosophy after Socrates’ death. This prompted him to consider epistemological issues such as what knowledge has and how it has obtained. Formal paraphrase Plato felt that the senses were deceptive and could not trusted, and used the cave allegory to demonstrate this point. He believed that knowledge could only come from everlasting, immutable, and flawless things, which led to his theory of forms. According to Alfred North Whitehead, “Philosophy is footnotes to Plato.”